Most axolotls have round, dark eyes with yellow or golden irises that shimmer under the light. These iridescent rings give their gaze a mystical quality. Unlike many other amphibians, axolotls do not have eyelids. That means their eyes are always exposed to the water around them, which is why they’re extremely sensitive to changes in light.
Interestingly, axolotl eyes are built in much the same way as human eyes. They have a cornea, a lens, an iris, a retina, and other familiar structures. The big difference lies in how their retina functions. Axolotl retinas have larger and fewer light-sensitive cells compared to mammals, which makes their vision blurry. Despite this, they’ve evolved with a special feature: the tapetum lucidum. This reflective layer behind the retina allows light to “bounce back” through the eye, giving axolotls a second chance to capture dim light. This adaptation helps them see better in their naturally dark, swampy habitats—similar to the way cats and raccoons’ eyes glow at night.
Axolotls and Their Sensitivity to Light
Because axolotls lack eyelids, they can’t shield their eyes from brightness the way we can. Imagine stepping outside on a sunny day without being able to squint—it would be overwhelming. For axolotls, sudden changes in aquarium lighting can be just as uncomfortable. That’s why experienced keepers recommend avoiding bright lights or sudden flashes in an axolotl’s enclosure.
Axolotls are also nocturnal, meaning they’re most active at night when lighting is naturally low. Albino axolotls are even more sensitive to light than darker ones, because they lack melanin, the pigment that protects eyes from brightness. If you own an albino axolotl, dim lighting and shaded hides are especially important for its comfort.
How Axolotl Eyes Develop
Though their eyes are small, their development is surprisingly complex. When an axolotl is still a tiny embryo, different tissues in its head have to “communicate” to form the eyes. The skin on the head sends signals to nearby brain tissue, which then begins shaping the retina. Once the retina forms, it sends its own signals back to the skin to create the lens. It’s like teamwork: without this back-and-forth exchange, the eye wouldn’t develop properly.
Scientists study axolotl eye development to better understand not only amphibians but also the basic rules of eye formation in other animals, including humans. Genetic mutations can sometimes disrupt this process, leading to axolotls being born without eyes or with very small ones.
FAQS
Can Axolotls See? Or Are They Blind?
Despite their poor eyesight, axolotls are not blind. They can detect movement, shapes, and differences between light and dark. Their eyes may not give them sharp vision, but they don’t need it. In fact, axolotls rely far more on their sense of smell and on special organs along their bodies called the lateral line system. This system senses vibrations in the water, allowing them to detect prey or predators even when visibility is low.
Why Do Some Axolotls Have Red or Clear Eyes Instead of Black?
Eye color in axolotls depends on their morph. Wild-type axolotls usually have dark, blackish eyes. Leucistic axolotls, which are pale pink or white with dark eyes, have striking black pupils against their light skin. Albino axolotls, on the other hand, often have red or golden eyes due to the lack of pigment. These variations don’t affect vision but do change how sensitive the eyes are to light.
How Well Can Axolotls See? Do They See Color?
Axolotls can see, but not very well. Their vision is blurry and limited to a short range. Most keepers agree that they can recognize objects within a few feet but not much farther. Research suggests they may perceive some colors, but their vision is nowhere near as sharp or colorful as ours. Their eyes are designed more for detecting movement in dim environments than for producing a detailed picture of the world.
Why Don’t Axolotls Blink? Do They Have Eyelids?
Axolotls never blink because they simply don’t have eyelids. Their eyes are always exposed, but since they live underwater, they don’t dry out like ours would. The water naturally keeps their eyes clean and moist.
What Causes Cloudy Eyes or White Spots on Axolotl Eyes?
If you notice your axolotl’s eyes looking cloudy or developing white patches, it could be a sign of trouble. Common causes include fungal infections, bacterial infections, or poor water quality. Addressing water conditions is the first step in treatment, and in serious cases, a veterinarian with amphibian experience may be needed.
Why Are Some Axolotls Born Without Eyes or With Tiny Eyes?
Genetics play a big role here. Some axolotls are born with mutations that prevent their eyes from forming normally. These individuals may be eyeless or have very small, underdeveloped eyes. Surprisingly, many still live fairly normal lives since axolotls rely heavily on other senses to survive.
What Should I Do if My Axolotl’s Eye Looks Swollen or Has a Bubble?
A swollen eye or a fluid-filled bubble near the eye can indicate infection or injury. In these cases, prompt action is needed. Double-check your tank’s water parameters and consider consulting a vet for proper diagnosis and treatment. Ignoring the problem could lead to more serious health issues.
References
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1084952119301028
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.28.489898v1.full
https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7007-10-103